Additional Resources & Information

Selected Bibliography

Digitized Primary Resources from Getty Research Institute

Addison, Charles Greenstreet. Damascus and Palmyra: a Journey to the East. With a Sketch of the State and Prospects of Syria, under Ibrahim Pasha. (2 vol.s). London, 1838. Getty Research Institute, 2016-B110

Beaufort Smythe, Emily Anne, Viscountess Strangford. Egyptian sepulchres and Syrian shrines: including some stay in the Lebanon, at Palmyra, and in western Turkey. London, 1862. Getty Research Institute, 3026-718

Bernard, Edward. Inscriptiones Graecae Palmyrenorum : cum scholiis & annotationibus, 1698. Getty Research Institute, 87-B9868

Cassas, Louis-François. Proof plates and archive for Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoénicie, de la Palestine, et de la Basse Egypte (vol. I), 1795–1826. Getty Research Institute, 840011

Cassas, Louis-François. Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoénicie, de la Palestine, et de la Basse Egypte, 1799–1800. University of Heidelberg. View in Getty Research Portal™

Luynes, duc de, Honoré d’Albert. Voyage d’exploration à la mer Morte, à Petra, et sur la rive gauche du Jourdain. Paris, 1874. Getty Research Institute, 2850-401

Seller, Abednego. The Antiquities of Palmyra. London, 1696. Getty Research Institute, 90-B2629

Vignes, Louis. Views and panoramas of Beirut and the ruins of Palmyra, 1864. Getty Research Institute, 2015.R.15

Vignes, Louis. Vues de Phénicie, de Judée, des pays de Moab et de Petra / photographiées par M. Vignes Lieutenant de vaisseau pendant son voyage, en 1864, avec le duc de Luynes de Beyrouth à la mer Rouge et son retour avec M. Lartet de Jérusalem à Damas par la rive gauche du Jourdain, 1864. Getty Research Institute, 2929-130

Volney, Constantin-François. Voyage en Syrie et en Égypte. Paris, 1807. Getty Research Institute, 1377-749

Wood, Robert. The ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor, in the desart. London, 1753. Getty Research Institute, 85-B25010

Yanoski, Jean. Syrie ancienne et modern. Paris, 1848. Getty Research Institute, 2614-629

Secondary Resources

Mahd Al-Ḥadārāt. Quarterly review published by the Directorate-General for Antiquities and Museums in Damascus on archaeological, historical, and heritage research and discoveries in Syria. Damascus: Markas al-Bāsil li-al-Bahthnwa al-Tadrīb al-Āthārī, 2006–.

Majallat al-Waqai’ al-Āthāryah fi Sūriyah. Journal of archaeological activities in Syria that includes published reports and the results of archaeological excavations in the country.

‘Abdellatif, Rania, Julia Gonnella, and Kay Kohlmeyer, eds. Syria Matters. Milan: Silvana Editoriale, 2018. Catalog for an exhibition at the Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar, November 22, 2018 to April 30, 2019.

Aḥmad, ʻAlī Ṣaqr. “al-Ilāh al-Ḥāmī fi-al-Nuqūsh al-Tadmurīyah (The protective divinity in inscriptions of Palmyra).” In Majallat Diras Tarikh 95–96 (2006): 37–56.

Aḥmad, ʻAlī Ṣaqr. “al-Mawruth al-Thaqāfī wa-al-Laghawī fi Tadmur al-Qadīmah (The cultural and linguistic heritage of ancient Palmyra).” In Majallat Jama’a al-Ba’ath 39, issue 4, 2017.

Aḥmad, ʻAlī Ṣaqr. al-Nuqūsh al-Tadmurīyah al-Qadīmah (The ancient inscriptions of
Palmyra). Damascus: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah, 2009.

al-As‘ad, Khaled. al-Fann al-Tadmurī – al-Manḥutat wa-al-Rūsūm al-Insaniyah fi al-Madāfin al-Tadmurīyah khilal al-’Asr al-Rūmanīyah (The art of Palmyra – Sculptures and human representations in the tombs of Palmyra during the Roman period). Damascus, 2019.

al-As‘ad, Khaled and Franciszek Stepniowski. “The Umayyad Suq in Palmyra,” Damaszener Mitteilungen 4 (1989): 205–23. 

al-As‘ad, Khaled and Krystyna Gawlikowska. Ancient Glass of Palmyra Museum. Inowroclaw: Pozkal, 2017.

al-As‘ad, Khaled et al. Inscriptions de Palmyre: Promenades Épigraphiques dans La Ville de Palmyre. Beirut: Institut français d’Archéologie du Proche-Orient, 2001.

al-As‘ad, Khaled et al. Zīnūbiyā Malikat Tadmur wa-al-Sharq (Zenobia Queen of Palmyra and the East), Arabic and English. Damascus, 2005–2006.

al-As‘ad, Waleed. “A‘mal al-biḥthat al-Watānīyah al-Madāfan al-Tadmurīyah (Works of the national mission in Palmyra’s tombs).” In Adiyat Ḥaleb 14 (2010): 20–35.

Alcock, Susan E., ed. The Early Roman Empire in the East. Oxford, England: Oxbow Books, ca. 1997. View record

Anderson, Benjamin and Robert G. Ousterhout. Palmyra 1885: The Wolfe Expedition and the Photographs of John Henry Haynes. Hawick: Cornucopia Books, 2016. View record

Andrade, Nathanael J. Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2013. View record

Andrade, Nathanael J. Zenobia: Shooting Star of Palmyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Aruz, Joan, ed. Palmyra: Mirage in the Desert. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2017. View record

Bunni, ‘Adnān. “al-Tadmuriyūn fi al-Dunia al-Rahibat Khilal al-Qarnāyn al-Thānī wa-al-Thālith al-Mīlādī (The Palmyrene in the wide world during the second and third centuries AD),” Majallat al-Dirāsat al-Tarikhīyat, issue 2, Damascus, (1980): 37–52.

Bunni, ‘Adnān. Nisa’ ‘ala Durub Tadmur (Women on the roads of Palmyra). Damascus: Dar Sumir, 1987.

Bunni, ‘Adnān, ed. “Palmyra and the Silk Road.” International colloquium, Palmyra, April 7–11, 1992. In AAAS: Les Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes 42, special issue. Damascus: Mudīrīyat al-Āthār wa-al-Matāḥif, 1996.

Bunni, ‘Adnān. “Tadmur.” In al-Mawsū’at al-’Arābīyah (The Arab encyclopedia), vol. 6, first edition: 231.

Bunni, ‘Adnān. Tadmur wat-Tadmuriyūn (Palmyra and its people). Damascus: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah wa-al-Irshād al-Qawmī, 1978.

Bunni, ‘Adnān. al-Fann al-Tadmurī (The art of Palmyra). Damascus: al-Majlis al-Aʻla liRiʻāyat al-Funūn wa-al-Ādāb wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Ijtimāʻīyah, 1962.

Bunni, ‘Adnān et al. Palmyra: Geschichte, Denkmäler, Museum. Damascus, 1990.

Bunni, ‘Adnān et al. Tadmur Āthārīyan, Tārīkhīyan Siyāḥīyan (Palmyra: Archaeology, history, and tourism), fourth edition. Damascus, 2004.

Browning, Iain. Palmyra. London: Chatto & Windus, 1979. View record

Burns, Ross. Origins of the Colonnaded Streets in the Cities of the Roman East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. View record

Clemente-Ruiz, Aurélie and Nala Aloudat. Von Mossul nach Palmyra: Eine virtuelle Reise durch das Weltkulturerbe. Munich: Hirmer, 2019.

Colledge, Malcolm A. R. The Art of Palmyra. Boulder: Westview Press, 1976. View record

Culkin, Kate. Harriet Hosmer: A Cultural Biography. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010. View record

Di Branco, Marco and Maria Teresa Grassi, eds. Guida di Palmyra. Omaggio a Khaled al-As’ad martire del patrimonio culturale. Rome: Viella, 2019.

Diehl, Johannes F. and Reinhard G. Lehmann. “HBL: Tadmor Studies in Palmyrene Script and Language.” In KUSATU: Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 23. Kamen: Hartmut Spenner, 2018.

Eliav, Yaron Z., Elise A. Friedland, and Sharon Herbert, eds. The Sculptural Environment of the Roman Near East. Leuven; Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2008. View record

Eristov, Hélène, et al. al-Zakhārif al-Jassīt fi Tadmur (Plaster decoration in Palmyra), Silsilāh wathaq al-Āthār al-Sūriyāh 16. Translated by Ahmad al-Qadhi and Rima Khawam. Damascus: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah, 2009.

Farzat, Muhammad Harb. “Ḥiwār al-Ḥaḍārat ‘ala Tarīq al-Ḥarīr bayna al-Yaman wa-al-Shām (Dialogue of civilizations on the Silk Road between Yemen and the Levant).” In Majallat al-Dirāsat al-Tarikhīyat, Damascus, vol. 39–40 (1991): 96–118.

Fournet, Thibault, Khaled al-As‘ad, and Jean-Baptiste Yon. Inscriptions de Palmyre: Promenades épigraphiques dans la ville de Palmyre. Beirut: Institut français du Proche-Orient, 2001.

Gawlikowski, Michał. Le sanctuaire d’Allat à Palmyre. Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, Warsaw University Press, 2017, monograph series 6.

Gawlikowski, Michał and Grzegorz Majcherek, eds. “Fifty Years of Polish Excavations in Palmyra 1959–2009.” International conference, Warsaw, December 6–8, 2010. In Studia Palmyreńskie 12, special issue. Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, Warsaw University Press, 2013.

Gilet, Annie and Uwe Westfehling. Louis-François Cassas, 1756–1827: dessinateur, voyageur im Banne der Sphinx: ein französischer Zeichner reist nach Italien und in den Orient. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern, 1994. View record

Gregoratti, Leonardo. “Temples and Traders in Palmyra.” In Capital, Investment, and Innovation in the Roman World, edited by Paul Erdkamp et al., 462–480. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

Hammad, Manar. Palmyre: Transformations urbaines: développement d’une ville antique de la marge aride syrienne. Paris: Geuthner, 2010. View record

Hariri, Khalil. Iktishāf Tadmur: al-Tarīkh al-Āthār al-Fānī (Discovering Palmyra: The history, the archaeology, and the arts). Damascus, 2008.

Ḥulw, ‘Adballāh. Sirā’ al-Mamālik fi al-Tārīkh al-Sūrī al-Qadīm ma bayna al-’Asr al Hejri ḥata Sūqūt Mamlakat Tadmur (History of kingdom conflicts in ancient Syria, between the Stone Age and the fall of the kingdom of Palmyra). Damascus: Bisan lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzi’ wa-al-I’lam, 1999.

Ḥulw, ‘Adballāh. Sūriya al-Qadīmah (Ancient Syria). Damascus: Alif Bā’ al-Adīd, 2004.

Intagliata, Emanuele E. Palmyra after Zenobia AD 273–750: An Archaeological and Historical Reappraisal. Philadelphia: Oxbow, 2018.

Janābī, Qays Ḥātem. “al-’Alāqāt al-Siyāsīyah bayna Tadmur wa-al-Rūman ḥata ‘Am 273m (Political relations between Palmyra and the Romans until the year AD 273).” In Majallat Jāmi’at Babil lil-’Ulūm al-Insānīyah, issue 1, vol. 16, special issue, 2008.

Jassim, Ḥanan Issa. “al-Muqawamāt al-Tadmuriyat li-Iḥtilal al-Rūmaniyah (The destructive resistance of the Roman occupation).” In Majallat al-Dirāsat al-Tarikhiyaht wa-al-Ḥaḍariyat, Tikrit University, vol. 10, 35 (2019): 266–284.

Kadhim, Shaker Majid and Shada Ahmad Issa. “Dawr al-Nabalat al-’Arab fi al-Tarīkh al-Qadīm – Dirasat fi Firqat al-Nabalāt al-Tadmiriyah (The role of the Arab nobility in ancient history: Study in the Palmyra noble division).” In Majallat Abḥath al-Basra lil-’Ulūm al-Insanīyah, vol. 31, issue 1, (n.d.): 266–291.

Kaizer, Ted. The Religious Life of Palmyra: A Study of the Social Patterns of Worship in the Roman Period. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002. View record

Ketelsen, Thomas, ed. Palmyra Was bleibt? Louis-François Cassas und seine Reise in den Orient (im Graphischen Kabinett). Köln: Wallraf, das Museum, 2016. View record

Khleif, Bachar. “Muqarābāt Fikriyah Tarikhīyah Liruhīyat wa Khasāyis Ḥadārāt Al-Mashriq Al-’Arabī Al-Qadīm (Intellectual-historical approach to spiritual characteristics of ancient Arab Mashreq civilization).” In Majallat kan al-Tarikhīyat al-Iliktruniyah, Historical Kan Periodical, vol. 2, issue 3 (2009): 42–54.

Khulayyif, Bashshār. Ḥiwarāt fi al-Ḥaḍarāt al-Sūriyat (Dialogues in the Syrian civilizations). Damascus: Dar al-Rayy, 2007.

Kling, Hurst. Athār Sūriyah al-Qadīmah (Ruins of ancient Syria). Translated by Qassim Tawir. Damascus: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah, 1985.

Krag, Signe. Funerary Representations of Palmyrene Women: From the First Century BC to the Third Century AD. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018.

Krag, Signe et al. The Collection of Palmyrene Funerary Portraits in the Musei Vaticani. Vatican City: Vaticano Edizioni Musei Vaticani, 2019.

Kropp, Andreas and Rubina Raja, eds. The World of Palmyra. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2016.

Mawla, Lilas. “Return or Change. Syria Post War Urban & Cultural Reconstruction Strategy. The Case of Palmyra.” Master’s thesis, Politecnico di Milano, Scuola di Architettura Urbanistica e Ingegneria delle Costruzioni, 2017. https://www.academia.edu/35835014

Mādūn, Mūhammad ‘Ali. Tafā’ulāt Ḥaḍarīyah ‘ala Tarīq al-Ḥarīr (Cultural interactions on the Silk Road). Silsilat al-Dirāsāt al-Tadmurīyah al-Turāthīyah. Damascus, 1995.

Meyer, Jørgen Christian. Palmyrena: Palmyra and the Surrounding Territory from the Roman to the Early Islamic Period. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2017.

Michałowski, Kazimierz. Palmyra. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970. View record

Nielsen, Anne Marie and Rubina Raja, eds. The Road to Palmyra. Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 2019.

Raja, Rubina. Palmyra: Pearl of the Desert. Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2017.

Raja, Rubina, ed. Revisiting the Religious Life of Palmyra. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2019.

Raja, Rubina. The Palmyra Collection: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 2019.

Raja, Rubina and Anne Marie Nielsen. The Road to Palmyra. Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 2019.

Raja, Rubina and Annette Højen Sørensen. Harald Ingholt and Palmyra. Aarhus: Aarhus University, 2015.

Ramadani, Um Hani, “Imārāt Tadmur wa-al-Rūman 64 Q.m.–273 M” (The kingdom of Tadmur and the Romans, 64 BC–AD 273).” In Al Ḥīkmah Journal 4 (1), (2012): 169–86.

Schmidt-Colinet, Andreas. “No Temple in Palmyra! Opposing the Reconstruction of the Temple of Bel." In Syria Studies 11 (2), (2019): 63–84. View article

Schmidt-Colinet, Andreas, Khaled al-As‘ad, and Annemarie Stauffer, eds. Die Textilien aus Palmyra: Neue und Alte Funde, Damaszener Forschungen 8. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 2000.

Schulz-Dornburg, Ursula. The Land in Between: Photographs from 1980 to 2012. Edited by Martin Engler. London: Mack, 2018. View record

Seland, Eivind Heldaas. Ships of the Desert and Ships of the Sea: Palmyra in the World Trade of the First Three Centuries CE. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2016.

Silver, Minna et al. Reviving Palmyra in Multiple Dimensions: Images, Ruins and Cultural Memory. Caithness: Whittles Publishing, 2018.

Smith, Andrew M. Identity, Community, and State Formation at Roman Palmyra. College Park: University of Maryland, 2013. View record

Smith, Andrew. Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2013.

Starcky, Jean. Tadmur ‘Arūsat as-Saḥra (Palmyra, the desert bride). Translated by Salāh ad-Dīn Munajad. Damascus: Mudīrīyat al-Āthār al-‘Ammah, 1947.

Starcky, Jean and Michał Gawlikowski. Palmyre. Paris: Librarie d’Amérique et d’Orient, 1985. View record

Wood, Robert. Āthār Tadmur (The ruins of Palmyra). Translated by Ibrahim Ass’ad. Homs: Dar al-Ma’aref, 1993.

Archival Resources

Archives and documents of Syrian antiquities, issued by the General-Directorate of Antiquities and Museums, Damascus.

Reports and research from national, foreign, and joint excavations, and from archaeological surveys and restorations, issued by the General-Directorate of Antiquities and Museums, Palmyra.